Is It ‘Lao’ or ‘Laotian’? Understanding the Language of Laos
Learn the cultural and linguistic significance behind 'Lao' and 'Laotian' in Laos—two terms with a history and meaning that matter.
Is It ‘Lao’ or ‘Laotian’? A Deep Dive into Laos’ Cultural Identity
Confusion around the terms Lao and Laotian is common among travelers, linguists, and even historians. These words, which seem interchangeable in English, carry nuanced meanings in Laos, reflecting the nation’s rich history and multi-ethnic society. This article explores the origins, correct usage, and cultural significance of ‘Lao’ and ‘Laotian,’ highlighting why the distinction matters both to locals and outsiders.
Historical Background: How ‘Lao’ Became ‘Laotian’ (and Why It Matters)
Across Southeast Asia, country names often spark confusion: Why do we say Cambodian but Khmer, Burmese but Myanmar, and why debate between Lao or Laotian? In Laos, this issue is more than a matter of language—it’s a reflection of national identity shaped by colonization, political change, and ethnic diversity.
The official name of the country is the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR). Lao people refer to their nation as Pathet Lao or Muang Lao, meaning ‘Lao Country’ or ‘Land of the Lao.’
- The ‘S’ at the end of ‘Laos’ was added by the French during their colonial rule to pluralize the separate kingdoms they unified: Luang Prabang, Vientiane, and Champassak.
- The French rendering made the ‘S’ silent, but the pronunciation diverged in English, sometimes pronounced ‘louse’ or ‘Lay-oss,’ particularly following American involvement in the region.
- ‘Laotian’ and similar terms became popular in English, often due to efforts to craft more ‘pleasant’ sounding or distinctive identities during political campaigns or international relations.
These European impositions led to discomfort among locals, who naturally prefer ‘Lao’ to describe themselves and their language.
The Linguistic Perspective: What’s Correct?
When it comes to the language spoken in Laos, ‘Lao’ is universally the accepted term. The use of ‘Laotian’ to refer to the language is considered technically inaccurate and may even sound foreign or impersonal to native speakers. The same applies to describing the people; ‘Lao’ is preferred by locals, though ‘Laotian’ persists in international usage.
| Correct Term (Local) | Common Foreign Usage | Applies to |
|---|---|---|
| Lao | Laotian | People, Language |
| Lao or Lao PDR | Laos | Country |
The distinction carries cultural weight. To the Lao, using ‘Lao’ honors their history and identity, whereas ‘Laotian’ is often seen as an external invention.
Colonial Legacies and Modern Usage
The French, while establishing a protectorate over Laos, consolidated several independent kingdoms under one name and introduced the term ‘Laos.’ The British and Americans later adopted this name, but Western pronunciation often retained the terminal ‘S,’ diverging from local usage.
- The American pronunciation, ‘Lay-oss,’ was popularized during the Vietnam War era, notably by politicians and the military, contributing to widespread confusion.
- ‘Laotian,’ a term rarely used locally, was crafted to describe the people of Laos, but is primarily an English-language construct.
While most locals do not object to foreigners using these terms incorrectly, some may cringe or feel the subtle impact of the historical misidentification.
Ethnic Diversity: Beyond ‘Lao’
Laos is not ethnically homogenous. While ethnic Lao people (members of the Tai or Tai-Kadai group) form only about half the population, other significant ethnic groups include Chinese, Vietnamese, Mon-Khmer, and Sino-Tibetan minorities.
- Lao specifically identifies the majority ethnic group as well as the language and official name.
- Referring to all inhabitants of Laos as ‘Lao’ ignores this diversity, but ‘Laotian’ as a catch-all term also lacks local resonance.
The country’s modern political terms (‘Lao,’ ‘Laos,’ ‘Laotian’) were all derived from the predominance of the ethnic Lao, but don’t truly represent the multifaceted makeup of the population.
Correct Usage for Travelers and Writers
Using the correct term shows cultural respect and linguistic accuracy, especially for visitors, journalists, and anyone discussing Laos in an official or academic context.
- ‘Lao’ is best used when referring to the people, language, food, culture, or anything intrinsically local.
- ‘Laotian’ may be encountered in older texts, international contexts, or casual English usage, but is not locally favored.
- ‘Laos’ is reserved for the country’s name in English and geography.
Examples:
- Lao food (not Laotian food)
- Lao language (not Laotian language)
- Lao people (not Laotian people)
- Laos (the country, in English), Lao PDR (official).
Regional Geopolitical Context: Names and Their Stories
The confusion around regional names in Southeast Asia—like Thailand/Thai, Cambodia/Khmer, Burma/Myanmar—stems from colonial and linguistic influences. Laos, with its silent French ‘S’ and pluralized provinces, mirrors these complexities.
- Countries often have self-referential names; in Lao, Muang Lao means ‘Lao Country,’ in Thai, Muang Thai means ‘Thai Country.’
- The use of ‘Chiang’/’Xieng’ in city names reflects the region’s historical mix of Lao, Thai, and Chinese languages and influences.
Common Mistakes and Forgivable Faux Pas
Travelers and foreigners understandably make mistakes, given the confusing European transliterations and unfamiliar sounds. Locals generally do not take offense, but understanding the difference can make interactions more culturally sensitive and respectful.
- Pronouncing the ‘S’ in ‘Laos’—common in English, but not used by natives or in Lao language.
- Using ‘Laotian’ for things that are intrinsically Lao, such as food, language, or people.
- Assuming all inhabitants are ‘Lao,’ overlooking the country’s rich ethnic tapestry.
When in Doubt: Guidelines for Usage
For those unsure about which term to use—’Lao’ or ‘Laotian’—here are some best practices:
- Lao: Use for people, language, culture, food, and anything locally originated.
- Laotian: Use cautiously; best reserved for broader references in English (e.g., ‘Laotian cuisine’ in Western cookbooks or menus), but consider switching to ‘Lao’ for greater local accuracy.
- Laos: Use for maps, politics, and the country name in English.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q: What is the official name of the country?
A: The official name is the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, or Lao PDR.
Q: Is it polite to call someone ‘Laotian’?
A: Most locals prefer to be called ‘Lao’ rather than ‘Laotian.’ Using ‘Lao’ shows knowledge and respect for the culture.
Q: Why do some people say ‘Laos’ with an ‘S’?
A: The ‘S’ was added by the French to pluralize three kingdoms, but the French never pronounced it. In English, the ‘S’ is sometimes sounded out due to unfamiliarity with local pronunciation.
Q: Is ‘Laotian’ ever correct?
A: ‘Laotian’ is technically correct as an English adjective or noun, but it is rarely used by locals themselves and has colonial origins.
Summary Table: Quick Reference for Terms
| Term | Meaning | Context |
|---|---|---|
| Lao | Person, language, culture, anything local | Preferred by natives and most travelers |
| Laotian | Person/culture, English construct | Common in Western contexts, but less accurate locally |
| Laos | The country | English name, not pronounced with ‘S’ by locals |
Why Getting It Right Is Important
Choosing between ‘Lao’ and ‘Laotian’ is more than a matter of semantics—it’s about acknowledging the identity, history, and lived experience of the nation’s people. For travelers, expatriates, and global communicators, using ‘Lao’ whenever possible reflects an informed and sensitive approach to intercultural conversation.
Additional Resources
- All Points East: Detailed breakdown of Lao/Lao vs. Laotian/Laos issues
- italki: Language learners discuss usage preferences
- The Human Voyage: Anecdotal experiences on pronunciation
Final Thoughts
The difference between ‘Lao’ and ‘Laotian’ is subtle yet significant, linking language with identity and history. While both terms may be encountered, using ‘Lao’ demonstrates respect for the country’s culture and people. A small change in vocabulary makes a big difference in how connection, understanding, and appreciation are communicated across borders.
